1. What are the main occupations of the early People ? 5m
i. Food gathering: Early people were used to gather food in the form of needy leaves, fruits and other stem parts for their survival.
It was their primary economic activity.
ii. Animal Hunting: Early people choose the animals whichever they want to hunt and meticulously planned to hunt them. Regarding this we have cave paintings in various parts of the world. Within india we can see palaeolithic paintings at Bhimbetka caves near Bhopal city.
iii. Tool Making: Can be considered as the most important economic activity . It helped the early people for hunting and foodgathering. The most important tools were handaxe, hammer stone . As the times passed on man prepared variety of stone tools for various purposes for example chopping, chirping,cutting , digging so on and so forth.
iv. Fishing : When man observed the fishes he wanted to catch them alive. For this he deviced the fish catching hooks and curvedbones, sticks with some sharpbone structure and caught fishes.
v. Domesticating Animals:It is said that man discovered that some animals can be taken with them wherever they stay. dogs, sheep , goat and cattle they domesticated. Right from mesolithic age onwards they domesticated animals.
vi. Constructing Settlements : By the beginning of neolithic age they started constructing the villages where they can live in homes and can have a society along with other fellowbeings. Probably family system might have started this time. When they made different settlements like huts, lake dwellings they
2. Give a note on the Tool making . 5m
Ans: 1.Man made tools for food gathering and animal hunting. In this regard archaeologist explored the river side areas and forest areas where they found variety of tools and tool industries.
2. Tools initially rough and large in size in palaeolithic age.These were used for mainly hunting.
3. In neolithic age early people made the tools which were of small,sharp and bladelike structures made of stone and archaeologists called them as "microliths".
4.In neolithic age these tools underwent modification with sharp and smoothness . Mainly these tools were for hunting, foodgathering and for different other purposes.
3. Describe briefly about the settlements of the early people. 2m
4. what do you mean by Time Line ? 2m
5. Write a note on the human evolution in brief. 5m
6. Name the different human species. 2m
7. What do you know about the Regional and Replacement Models ?
8. Who were Hazdas ? Give a note on their various activities.
9. How was the earlypeople were used to convey their ideas ?
10. Give a note on the possitive feed back mechanism.
11. Write a note on the importance of the early societies.
12. What do you know about the Australopithecus ?
12. Explain the following:
a. Species
b. Fossils: are the remains or impressions of the very old plants or animals which have turned into stone. These are often embedded in rock and are thus preserved for millions of years.
c. Archaeology: is the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artefacts and other physical remains.
d. Anthropology: the study of human societies and cultures and their development.the study of human biological and physiological characteristics and their evolution.
e. Microliths: a minute shaped flint, typically part of a composite tool such as a spear. usually these are in the form of blades . The microliths were made of sharp stones.
f. List of Ages:
1.Palaeolithic Age
2.Mesolithic Age
3.Neolithic Age
4.Chalcolithic Age
5.Bronze Age
6. Iron Age
7. The Age of Empires
g. Mound:A mound is a heaped pile of earth, gravel, sand, rocks, or debris. Most commonly, mounds are earthen formations such as hills and mountains, particularly if they appear artificial.
Mounds in a peoples area after their ending phase their tools, agricultural implements and weapons are covered by natural processes like weathering, denudation etc And these are preserved for long duration of time unless somebody excavate them.
j. Megaliths: Big stones are erected on the grave yards of the dead people .Probably these were meant to remember the past generations in their material culture usually were found in the outskirts of the villages.
k. Open Air Sites: These were acted as shelters for the early people. Open Air sites were the big trees . Under them they spend their life amidst several animals.Sometimes these shelters were made nearby caves in support of cave walls extra extension sites were made . These are observed as open air sites as we can find their different tools . Between 400000 and 125000 these open air sites began.
m. Inventions of the Early People: The early people invented fishing hook, wheel of pottery and the logic based tribal languages.
They too invented weaving and knitting, medicines for their ailments and diseases.
n. Among the discovery they found fire and used it for burning and cooking purposes.
o. Palaeolithic Art: Their Palaeolithic Art can be found in the caves. In which animal hunting scenes can be found. in both India and in different parts of the world we can find this kind of paintings.
p.Ways of the communication of the early people: The early people initially communicated through body and gesture language. As the times passed on the invented verbal languages . Only for some of these languages scripts were found in the bronze age civilizations. There are many languages even today without any script .
13. Map work:
1. on given map of world mark the following human species and their origin continent :
i. Australopithecus iv. Jinzanthropus vii. Ramapithecus
ii. Java man v. Pithecanthropus
iii. Peking man vi. Neanderthal man
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