History notes for xi cbse

2. Writing and City Life TIMELINE c. 7000-6000 BCE Beginning of agriculture in the northern Mesopotamian plains c. 5000 BCE Earliest temples in southern Mesopotamia built c. 3200 BCE First writing in Mesopotamia c. 3000 BCE Uruk develops into a huge city, increasing use of bronze tools c. 2700-2500 BCE Early kings, including, possibly, the legendary ruler Gilgamesh c. 2600 BCE Development of the cuneiform script c. 2400 BCE Replacement of Sumerian by Akkadian 2370 BCE Sargon, king of Akkad c. 2000 BCE Spread of cuneiform writing to Syria, Turkey and Egypt; Mari and Babylon emerge as important urban centres c.1800 BCE Mathematical texts composed; Sumerian no longer spoken c.1100 BCE Establishment of the Assyrian kingdom c. 1000 BCE Use of iron 720 - 610 BCE Assyrian empire 668 - 627 BCE Rule of Assurbanipal 331 BCE Alexander conquers Bablyon c. 1st century CE Akkadian and cuneiform remain in use 1850s Decipherme...

TIMELINE 2 (years ago) Earliest evidence of burials 300,000 Extinction of Homo erectus 200,000 Development of voice box 200,000 Archaic Homo sapiens skull in the Narmada valley, India 200,000-130,000 Emergence of modern humans 195,000-160,000 Emergence of Neanderthals 130,000 Earliest evidence of hearths 125,000 Extinction of Neanderthals 35,000 Earliest evidence of figurines made of fired clay 27,000 Invention of sewing needles 21,000

TIMELINE 1 (mya) 36-24 mya Primates; Monkeys in Asia and Africa 24 mya (Superfamily) Hominoids; Gibbons, Asian orang-utan and African apes (gorilla, chimpanzee and bonobo or ‘pygmy’ chimpanzee) 6.4 mya Branching out of hominoids and hominids 5.6 mya Australopithecus 2.6-2.5 Earliest stone tools 2.5-2.0 Cooling and drying of Africa, resulting in decrease in woodlands and increase in grasslands 2.5-2.0 mya Homo 2.2    mya Homo habilis 1.8 mya Homo erectus 1.3 mya Extinction of Australopithecus 0.8 mya ‘Archaic’ sapiens, Homo heidelbergensis 0.19-0.16 mya Homo sapiens sapiens (modern humans)

1 .  What are the main occupations of the early People ? 5m    i. Food gathering:  Early people were used to gather food in the form of needy leaves, fruits and other stem parts for their survival. It was their primary economic activity.    ii. Animal Hunting:   Early people choose the animals whichever they want to hunt and meticulously planned to hunt them. Regarding this we have cave paintings in various parts of the world. Within india we can see palaeolithic paintings at Bhimbetka caves near Bhopal city.    iii. Tool Making: Can be considered as the most important economic activity . It helped the early people for hunting and foodgathering. The most important tools were handaxe, hammer stone . As the times passed on man prepared variety of stone tools for various purposes for example chopping, chirping,cutting , digging so on and so forth.    iv. Fishing : When man observed the fishes he wanted to catch them alive....