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Chronology of Ancient Roman Empire

RULERS
EVENTS
27 BCE-14 CE
Augustus, first
Roman emperor

14-37
Tiberius

98-117
Trajan

117-38
Hadrian

193-211
Septimius Severus

241-72
reign of Shapur I
in Iran

253-68
Gallienus

284-305
the ‘Tetrarchy’;
Diocletian main
ruler

312-37
Constantine

309-79 reign of
Shapur II in Iran

408-50
Theodosius II
(compiler of the
famous
‘Theodosian Code’)

490-518
Anastasius

527-65
Justinian

531-79 reign of
Khusro I in Iran

610-41
Heraclius
27 BCE                  ‘Principate’ founded by Octavian; now calls himself Augustus

c. 24-79           Life of the Elder Pliny; dies in the volcanic eruption of Vesuvius,
                        which also buries the Roman town of Pompeii

66-70              The great Jewish revolt and capture of Jerusalem by Roman forces

c. 115             Greatest extent of the Roman Empire, following Trajan’s conquests
                       in the East

212                 All free inhabitants of the empire transformed into Roman citizens

224                 New dynasty founded in Iran, called ‘Sasanians’ after ancestor Sasan

250s               Persians invade Roman territories west of the Euphrates

258                 Cyprian bishop of Carthage executed

260s               Gallienus reorganises the army

273                Caravan city of Palmyra destroyed by Romans

297                Diocletian reorganises empire into c.100 provinces

c. 310             Constantine issues new gold coinage (the ‘solidus’)

312               Constantine converts to Christianity

324               Constantine now sole ruler of empire; founds city of Constantinople

354-430         Life of Augustine, bishop of Hippo

378               Goths inflict crushing defeat on Roman armies at Adrianople

391               Destruction of the Serapeum (temple of Serapis) at Alexandria

410               Sack of Rome by the Visigoths

428               Vandals capture Africa

434-53          Empire of Attila the Hun

493               Ostrogoths establish kingdom in Italy

533-50          Recovery of Africa and Italy by Justinian

541-70          Outbreaks of bubonic plague

568               Lombards invade Italy

c.570            Birth of Muhammad

614-19         Persian ruler Khusro II invades and occupies eastern Roman territories

622               Muhammad and companions leave Mecca for Medina
633-42          First and crucial phase of the Arab conquests; Muslim armies
                     take Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Iraq and parts of Iran

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